Publications
Yan, M., Roberts, B.R.T., Bainbridge. W.A. (In Revision). Challenging Dual-Coding Theory: Picture Superiority Effects Persist in Aphantasia. PsyArXiv. [Web]
Rim, N., Viellette, J., Lee, S., Kardan, O., Krishnan, S., Bainbridge, W.A., Berman, M. (Under Review) Natural scenes are more compressible and less memorable than human-made scenes. PsyArXiv. [Web]
Zhang, H., Bainbridge, W.A., Sun, P., Lee, A. (In Revision) Semantics and Emotion Contribute to Word Memorability in an Associative Memory Task for Chinese Words. PsyArXiv. [Web]
Davis, T.M., Chen, Y., Bainbridge, W.A. (In Revision). Artists Can Design Memory, and AI Can Predict It. PsyArXiv. [Web]
Utochkin, I., Chiang, N., Bainbridge, W.A. (In Revision). Recognition memory asymmetries predicted by individual item memorability. PsyArXiv. [Web]
Bainbridge, W.A. (Accepted). What divides and unites our memories: multi-factor trial-wise predictions of memory across 6+ million trials. American Psychologist. [Web]
Roberts, B.R.T., Bainbridge W.A. (Accepted). Reverse-engineering what makes a symbol memorable. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [Web]
Zhao, C., Vogel, E., Bainbridge W.A. (In Revision). Mental Imagery abilities affect visual working memory performance: evidence from aphantasic participants. PsyArXiv [Web]
Davis, T.M., Bainbridge, W.A. (2026). The temporal and spatial properties of memorability reveal insights into the art creation process. Cognition, 266, 106322. [Web]
Bainbridge, W.A. (2026). Distinctive places make memories stick. Nature Human Behavior. [Web]
Bainbridge, W.A., Walther, D., Fukuda, K., & Goetschalckx, L. (2025). Memorability of visual stimuli and the role of processing efficiency Nature Reviews Psychology. [Web]
Mukherjee, K., Huey, H., Stoinski, L., Hebart, M., Fan, J., Bainbridge, W.A. (2025) Drawings of THINGS: A large-scale drawing dataset of 1,854 object concepts. Behavioral Research Methods. [Web]
Revsine, C., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). Memorability reflects statistical regularities of the environment. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. [Web]
Guo, X., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). Visual memory for natural scenes. Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference, 3rd edition (Eds.: J. Wixted, T. Abel, S. Fusi, M. Rugg, L. Mickes).
Guo, X., H., Rosenberg, M. D., Bainbridge, W.A.*, & Goldin-Meadow, S.* (2025). How gesture benefits learning: A working framework for examining attention and memory mechanisms. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 7.
Lee, F. M., Berman, M. G., Stier, A. J., & Bainbridge, W.A. (submitted). Navigating Memorability Landscapes: Hyperbolic Geometry Reveals Hierarchical Structures in Object Concept Memory. bioRxiv. [Web]
Peng, S., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). Image memorability predicts social media virality and externally-associated commenting. Computers in Human Behavior. [Web]
*Megla, E., *Prasad, D., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). The Neural Underpinnings of Aphantasia: A Case Study of Identical Twins. Cerebral Cortex 35(7), bhaf192. *Both authors contributed equally to this work. [Web]
Revsine, C., Goldberg, E., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). The Memorability of Voices is Predictable and Consistent across Listeners. Nature Human Behavior, 1-11. [Web]
Megla, E., Rosenthal, S. R., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). Drawings reveal changes in object memory, but not spatial memory, over time. Cognition 254, 105988. [Web]
*Roberts, B.R.T., *Pruin, J., Bainbridge, W.A., Rosenberg, M.D., & deBettencourt, M.T. (2024). Memory augmentation with an adaptive cognitive interface. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. *Both authors contributed equally to this work. [Web]
Davis, T.M., Bainbridge, W.A. (2023). Memory for artwork is predictable. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120, 18. [Web][PDF]
Kramer, M.A., Hebart, M.N., Baker, C.I., & Bainbridge W.A. (2023). The features underlying the memorability of objects. Science Advances, 9, 17. [Web]
Ongchoco, J.D.K., Chun, M.M., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2022). What moves us? The intrinsic memorability of dance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. [Web]
Hebscher, M., Bainbridge, W.A., & Voss, J.L. (2023). Neural similarity between overlapping events at learning differentially affects reinstatement across the cortex. NeuroImage, 120220. [Web]
Bainbridge, W.A. & Baker, C.I. (2022). Multidimensional memory topography in the medial parietal cortex identified from neuroimaging of thousands of daily memory videos. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1-16. [Web]
Li, X., Bainbridge W.A., & Bakkour, A. (2022). Item memorability has no influence on value-based decisions. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1-14. [Web]
Broers, N., Bainbridge, W., Michel, R., Balestrieri, E., & Busch, N. (2022). The extent and specificity of visual exploration determines the formation of recollected memories in complex scenes. Journal of Vision, 22, 9. [Web]
Wakeland-Hart C.D., Cao, S.A., deBettencourt, M.T., Bainbridge, W.A., & Rosenberg, M.D. (2022). Predicting visual memory across images and within individuals. Cognition, 227, 105201. [Web]
Prasad, D., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2022). The Visual Mandela Effect as evidence for shared and specific false memories across people. Psychological Science. [Web]
Needell, C.D., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2022). Embracing New Techniques in Deep Learning for Predicting Image Memorability. Computational Brain & Behavior. [Web]
Bainbridge, W.A. (2022). Memorability: Reconceptualizing memory as a visual attribute. In Brady, T.F. & Bainbridge, W.A. (Eds.). Visual Memory (pp. 173-187). Routledge. [Web]
Brady, T.F. & Bainbridge, W.A. (Eds.). (2022). Visual Memory. Routledge. [Web]
Bainbridge, W.A. (2022). Shared memories driven by the intrinsic memorability of items. In Ionescu, B., Bainbridge, W.A., & Murray, N. (Eds.). Human Perception of Visual Information: Psychological and Computational Perspectives (pp. 183-206). Springer, Cham. [Web]
Ionescu, B., Bainbridge, W.A., & Murray, N. (Eds.). (2022). Human Perception of Visual Information: Psychological and Computational Perspectives. Springer, Cham. [Web]
021) Highly similar and competing visual scenes lead to diminished object but not spatial detail in memory drawings. Memory. [Web]
Bainbridge, W.A. (2021). A tutorial on capturing mental representations through drawing and crowd-sourced scoring. Behavior Research Methods. [Data & Code] [YouTube Tutorial Playlist] [Web]
Grande, X., Berron, D., Maass, A., Bainbridge, W.A., & Düzel, D. (2021). Content-specific vulnerability of recent episodic memories in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 160, 1079796. [PDF Available on Request] [Web]
Bainbridge, W.A., Kwok, W.Y. & Baker, C.I. (2021). Disrupted object-scene semantics boost scene recall but diminish object recall in drawings from memory. Mem Cogn. [Web]
Bainbridge, W.A., Pounder, Z., Eardley, A.F., Baker, C.I. (2021). Quantifying Aphantasia through drawing: Those without visual imagery show deficits in object but not spatial memory. Cortex, 135, 159-172. [Web] [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A. & Baker, C.I. (2020). Reply to Intraub. Current Biology, 30, 24, R1465-R1466. [Web]
Bainbridge, W.A., Hall, E.H., Baker, C.I. (2020). Distinct representational structure and localization for visual encoding and recall during visual imagery. Cerebral Cortex, bhaa329. [Web] [PDF]
Xie, W., Bainbridge, W.A., Inati, S.K., Baker, C.I., Zaghloul, K. (2020). Memorability of words in arbitrary verbal associations modulates memory retrieval in the anterior temporal lobe. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 937-948. [Web] [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A. (2020). The resiliency of image memorability: A predictor of memory separate from attention and priming. Neuropsychologia, 141, 107408. [Web] [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A. and Baker, C.I. (2020). Boundaries extend and contract in scene memory depending on image properties. Current Biology, 30, 537-543. [Web] [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A., Berron, D., Schütze, H., Cardenas-Blanco, A., Metzger, C., Dobisch, L., et al. (2019). Memorability of photographs in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment for cognitive assessment. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 11, 610-618. [Web] [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A. (2019). Memorability: How what we see influences what we remember. In Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 70, 1-27. Eds., K. Federmeier & D. Beck. [Web] [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A., Hall, E.H., & Baker, C.I. (2019). Drawings of real-world scenes during free recall reveal detailed object and spatial information in memory. Nature Communications, 10, 5. [Web] [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A., & Rissman, J. (2018). Dissociating neural markers of stimulus memorability and subjective recognition during episodic retrieval. Scientific Reports, 8, 8679. [Web] [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A., Dilks, D.D., & Oliva, A. (2017). Memorability: A stimulus-driven perceptual neural signature distinctive from memory. NeuroImage, 149, 141-152. [Data access]. [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A. (2017). The memorability of people: Intrinsic memorability across transformations of a person’s face. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(5), 706-716. [Data access]. [PDF]
Khaligh-Razavi, S-M., Bainbridge, W.A., Pantazis, D., & Oliva, A. (2016). From what we perceive to what we remember: Characterizing representational dynamics of visual memorability. bioRxiv. [Web] [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A., & Oliva, A. (2015). A toolbox and sample object perception data for equalization of natural images. Data in Brief, 5, 846-851. [Data access]. [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A., & Oliva, A. (2015). Interaction envelope: Local spatial representations of objects at all scales in scene-selective regions. NeuroImage, 122, 408-416. [Data access]. [PDF]
Bainbridge, C.M., Bainbridge, W.A., & Oliva, A. (2015). Quadri-stability of a spatially ambiguous auditory illusion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9 (1060). [Web] [PDF]
Bainbridge, W.A., Isola, P., & Oliva, A. (2013). The intrinsic memorability of face images. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(4), 1323-1334. [Data access]. [PDF]
Khosla, A., Bainbridge, W.A., Torralba, A., & Oliva, A. (2013). Modifying the memorability of face photographs. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Sydney, Australia. [Web] [PDF]
Kuhl, B.A., Bainbridge, W.A., & Chun, M.M. (2012). Neural reactivation reveals mechanisms for updating memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(10), 3453 – 3461. [Web] [PDF]